obsolete Enterobacter aerogenes intestinal infectious disease

Enterobacter aerogenes Intestinal Infectious Disease

Enterobacter aerogenes, a type of bacteria, was previously known to cause intestinal infections in humans. According to [4], this condition is an obsolete fully specified name for the intestinal infection caused by Enterobacter aerogenes.

• Gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacter aerogenes is classified as a Gram-negative bacterium, which means it does not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure.
• Intestinal infectious disease: The condition was characterized by an infection of the intestines caused by this specific type of bacteria. However, with advancements in medical knowledge and taxonomy, the name has been updated to reflect its current classification.

It's essential to note that while Enterobacter aerogenes is still a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, its classification and naming have undergone changes over time.

Based on the provided context, it appears that Enterobacter aerogenes has been reassigned to the genus Klebsiella (see search result 8). However, I will provide information on the signs and symptoms associated with Enterobacter infections, which may still be relevant.

Enterobacter infections can manifest with a variety of signs and symptoms, depending on the affected body part. Some common symptoms include:

• Fever: One of the most common signs of an Enterobacter infection is the presence of fever [3].
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Enterobacter species are responsible for causing many nosocomial infections, including UTIs [1, 6, 10].
• Wound or catheter-related infections: Enterobacter species can also cause wound or catheter-related infections in individuals with weakened immune systems or those hospitalized for long periods [3, 10].

It's essential to note that the specific symptoms and presentation of Enterobacter infections may vary depending on the affected individual and the severity of the infection.

References:

[1] Context result 1 [3] Context result 3 [6] Context result 6 [10] Context result 10

Diagnostic Tests for Obsolete Enterobacter aerogenes Intestinal Infectious Disease

Enterobacter aerogenes, a bacterium that was once considered a significant cause of human infections, has been largely replaced by other pathogens in modern medicine. However, its diagnostic tests are still relevant to understanding the history and evolution of infectious disease diagnosis.

Traditional Diagnostic Methods

• Blood Culture: This traditional method is still used today, although with limited sensitivity (4) [number 4]. Blood culture involves collecting a sample of blood from a patient and culturing it in a laboratory to detect the presence of bacteria.
• Stool Culture: Stool culture was once used to diagnose Enterobacter aerogenes infections by analyzing stool samples for bacterial growth. However, this method has largely been replaced by more modern diagnostic techniques (7) [number 7].

Modern Diagnostic Techniques

• Multiplex PCR-based Assays: These assays have shown superior sensitivity compared to traditional methods and are increasingly used in clinical settings (9) [number 9]. Multiplex PCR-based assays involve using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology to amplify specific DNA sequences from a sample, allowing for the simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens.
• Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS): mNGS is an emerging modality for diagnosing infectious diseases, including those caused by Enterobacter aerogenes. This technique involves analyzing the genetic material present in a sample to identify the causative pathogen (10) [number 10].

Challenges and Limitations

• Low Sensitivity: Traditional diagnostic methods, such as blood culture, have limited sensitivity for detecting certain pathogens, including Enterobacter aerogenes (4) [number 4].
• Time-Consuming: Traditional diagnostic methods can be time-consuming, which may lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment (5) [number 5].

Conclusion

While Enterobacter aerogenes is no longer a significant cause of human infections, its diagnostic tests remain relevant in understanding the history and evolution of infectious disease diagnosis. Modern diagnostic techniques, such as multiplex PCR-based assays and mNGS, offer superior sensitivity and speed compared to traditional methods.

References:

(4) by MP Liborio · 2024 — Blood culture is the reference standard for the microbiological diagnosis of bloodstream infections, despite its low sensitivity and prolonged ...

(7) ... tests for diagnosing SIBO, that is culture of small bowel aspirates and glucose breath test. As to the alteration of the intestinal microbiome, it has been ...

(9) Nov 1, 2022 — Multiplex PCR-based assays have shown superior sensitivity to conventional methods for detection of enteric pathogens and are increasingly used ...

(10) by KA Linder · 2023 · Cited by 4 — Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cell-free DNA is an emerging modality for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, but studies on its clinical ...

Treatment Options for Obsolete Enterobacter aerogenes Intestinal Infections

Enterobacter aerogenes, a type of bacteria, was once considered an important opportunistic and multiresistant pathogen in hospital wards. However, with the advancement of medical science and the emergence of newer antibiotics, its prevalence has decreased.

Older Treatment Options

In the past, treatment options for Enterobacter aerogenes infections were limited. Some older antibiotics that were used to treat these infections include:

• Fosfomycin: A phosphonic acid-derivate drug with bactericidal activity against Enterobacteriaceae [4].
• High-dose cefepime: An alternative treatment option for infections caused by TEM-24 ESBL-producing Enterobacter aerogenes in severely-ill patients [6].

Current Treatment Options

Today, newer antibiotics have become available to treat Enterobacter aerogenes infections. Some of these options include:

• Tigecycline: A broad-spectrum antibiotic that has been shown to be effective against Enterobacter cloacae complex infections [2].
• Eravacycline: Another broad-spectrum antibiotic that has been used to treat complicated urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae [5].

Carbapenems

While carbapenems are not specifically mentioned as a treatment option for obsolete Enterobacter aerogenes intestinal infections, they are considered the most powerful agents for treating serious nosocomial infections caused by MDR Enterobacteriaceae [7]. However, their use is often limited due to concerns about antibiotic resistance.

Other Treatment Options

In addition to antibiotics, other treatment options may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications. These can include:

• Fluid replacement: To treat dehydration and electrolyte imbalances caused by diarrhea and vomiting.
• Supportive care: To manage symptoms such as fever, chills, and abdominal pain.

It's worth noting that the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has made treatment more challenging. Therefore, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

References:

[2] Tigecycline in the treatment of infections from multi-drug resistant gram-negative ... (11)

[4] Fosfomycin: A phosphonic acid-derivate drug with bactericidal activity against Enterobacteriaceae. (4)

[5] Eravacycline: Another broad-spectrum antibiotic that has been used to treat complicated urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae. (5)

[6] High-dose cefepime as an alternative treatment for infections caused by TEM-24 ESBL-producing Enterobacter aerogenes in severely-ill patients. (6)

[7] Carbapenems are considered the most powerful agents for treating serious nosocomial infections caused by MDR Enterobacteriaceae. (7)

Based on the provided context, it appears that Enterobacter aerogenes was previously considered a cause of intestinal infections, but its role in this condition has been largely obsoleted by more recent research.

Possible Differential Diagnoses:

• Other Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli may be considered as alternative causes of intestinal infections.
• Viral gastroenteritis caused by viruses like norovirus or rotavirus could also be a differential diagnosis.
• Bacterial overgrowth syndrome, which is often associated with small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), might also be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Reasoning:

While Enterobacter aerogenes was previously thought to be a cause of intestinal infections, more recent research has not supported this association. As such, other potential causes of intestinal infections should be considered when making a differential diagnosis.

• [10] mentions that Enterobacter species are responsible for many nosocomial