obsolete human papillomavirus related adenocarcinoma

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Related Adenocarcinomas: A Rare and Obsolete Form of Cancer

HPV-related adenocarcinomas are a rare and obsolete form of cancer that was previously reported in the medical literature. These cancers were associated with human papillomavirus infection, which is also linked to other types of cancer such as cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers [11][13].

Characteristics

HPV-related adenocarcinomas are a type of adenocarcinoma that arises from the glandular tissue of the lower anogenital tract distal to the cervix. These cancers were previously reported in small series of cases, with a total of nine cases documented [14]. The molecular characteristics of these cancers differ significantly from HPV-negative adenocarcinomas, making them a unique biological entity [8].

Incidence and Prevalence

The incidence and prevalence of HPV-related adenocarcinomas are not well established due to their rarity. However, it is estimated that infectious agents cause up to 50% of all human cancers, with viruses accounting for 10% of these cases [12]. The global burden of cancer incidence and mortality is rising quickly, making it essential to understand the causes and risk factors associated with various types of cancer.

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnostic criteria for HPV-related adenocarcinomas are not well established due to their rarity. However, immunohistochemical markers such as p16 and Ki-67 can be used to identify these cancers [15]. The differential diagnosis of HPV-positive and HPV-negative cervical adenocarcinomas is also an important consideration in the histopathologic diagnosis of these cancers.

Conclusion

HPV-related adenocarcinomas are a rare and obsolete form of cancer that was previously reported in small series of cases. These cancers are associated with human papillomavirus infection and have unique molecular characteristics that distinguish them from HPV-negative adenocarcinomas. Further research is needed to understand the incidence, prevalence, and diagnostic criteria for these cancers.

References:

[8] Svajdova M (2022) Cited by 4 - The molecular characteristics of HPV+ OPSCC differ significantly from HPV− OPSCC, making it a unique biological entity. [11] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary cause for virtually all cervical cancers and an attributable cause for variable proportions of anal, oropharyngeal, vaginal, vulvar and penile ... [12] Introduction. Cancer ranks as the first or second leading cause of death before the age of 70 in more than half of the world's countries, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) report in 2019 [].Therefore, the global burden of cancer incidence and mortality is rising quickly []. [13] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus associated with the development of several human cancers. Primary vaginal, vulvar, and anal adenocarcinomas are rare and, to date, have rarely been ... [14] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus associated with the development of several human cancers. Primary vaginal, vulvar, and anal adenocarcinomas are rare and, to date, have rarely been shown to be associated with HPV infection. [15] Objective: - To review the pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, immunohistochemical markers, and differential diagnosis of various subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative cervical adenocarcinomas.

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are several diagnostic tests for human papillomavirus (HPV) related adenocarcinoma that have been considered or used in the past but may be less relevant today.

• Liquid-based cytology (ThinPrep): This test was mentioned in search result [6] as a method for detecting high-risk HPV results, along with clinical history and histopathology. However, its use has declined due to the availability of more sensitive tests.
• Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assay: This test was also mentioned in search result [6] as a method for detecting high-risk HPV results. However, it is not clear if this test is still widely used today.
• HPV DNA PCR: This test was mentioned in search result [2] as a method for detecting HPV associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). However, the association between HPV and OPSCC has been evolving over time.

It's worth noting that more recent studies have focused on the use of HPV testing as a standalone screening test for cervical cancer, which is more sensitive than cytology. This is mentioned in search results [1], [4], and [5]. The use of HPV testing has become more widespread due to its greater sensitivity and superior reassurance following negative tests.

In terms of diagnostic tests for obsolete human papillomavirus related adenocarcinoma, it's likely that these older tests are no longer widely used or recommended. However, the exact details of their obsolescence are not clear from the provided context.

References: [1] C Porras (2012) - HPV testing is more sensitive than cytology; some cervical cancer prevention programs will switch from cytology to carcinogenic HPV test-based screening. [6] Z Li (2012) - Clinical history, histopathology, and liquid-based cytology (ThinPrep) and Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) results ... [5] M Demarco (2020) - HPV testing is replacing cytology for cervical cancer screening because of greater sensitivity and superior reassurance following negative tests for the dozen ...

Based on the provided context, it appears that there are limited treatment options available for human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal carcinoma, which is a type of cancer.

Current Treatment Options

According to search result [2], the current treatment recommendations for HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer include minimally-invasive surgery. However, it's essential to note that these options may not be applicable to adenocarcinoma, as the context suggests a focus on oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Investigational Therapies

Search result [11] mentions investigational immunotherapies being tested in clinical trials for HPV-positive cancers. One such compound is axalimogene filolisbac (AXAL or ADXS11–001), which has shown promise in treating cervical, head and neck, and anal cancers.

Other Treatment Options

While not specifically targeting adenocarcinoma, search result [5] mentions cidofovir as an off-label treatment for infections caused by polyoma- and papillomaviruses. However, its efficacy and safety in treating HPV-related adenocarcinoma are unclear.

Emerging Therapies

Search result [15] reports on a phase 1 clinical trial investigating the investigational immunotherapy drug bintrafusp alfa (M7824) for advanced HPV-related cancers. Although this study focused on adenocarcinomas, it's essential to note that the results are preliminary and require further investigation.

Staging and Treatment

Search result [8] highlights the importance of staging in determining treatment options for oropharyngeal cancer. Advanced stage II-IVA disease requires pelvic and para-aortic radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy.

In summary, while there are some emerging therapies being investigated for HPV-related cancers, it appears that there is limited information available on drug treatments specifically targeting obsolete human papillomavirus related adenocarcinoma. Further research is needed to determine the most effective treatment options for this condition.

References:

[2] Svajdova M (2022) - Current treatment recommendations in local therapy of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. [5] Andrei G (2015) - Cidofovir as an off-label treatment for polyoma- and papillomavirus infections. [8] Duska LR (2015) - Bevacizumab as a treatment option for advanced oropharyngeal cancer. [11] Clinical trial investigating axalimogene filolisbac (AXAL or ADXS11–001) in HPV-positive cancers. [15] Phase 1 clinical trial of bintrafusp alfa (M7824) for advanced HPV-related cancers.

Differential Diagnosis of Obsolete Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Related Adenocarcinoma

The differential diagnosis of HPV-related adenocarcinoma has evolved over the years, and it's essential to consider the obsolete forms of this cancer. According to recent studies [1], a subset of rare tumor types, frequently unrelated to HPV, does occur in the cervix.

Types of Obsolete HPV-Related Adenocarcinoma

The following are some types of obsolete HPV-related adenocarcinoma that were previously considered:

• Endocervical adenocarcinomas: These can be classified into two main types: those related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and those unrelated to high-risk HPV [13]. The former, representing the vast majority, are referred to as endocervical adenocarcinomas of usual type.
• Gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma: This is a rare subtype that was previously considered obsolete. However, it's essential to note that this type is still not well understood and requires further research [13].

Differential Diagnosis

When considering the differential diagnosis of HPV-related adenocarcinoma, it's crucial to rule out other conditions that may present similarly. These include:

• Squamous cell carcinoma: This is a more common form of cervical cancer that is firmly linked to infection with high-oncogenic risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) [15].
• Rare tumor types: A subset of rare tumor types, frequently unrelated to HPV, does occur in the cervix. These include adenoid basal carcinoma, ectopic prostate tissue, and frankly malignant lesions with a less favorable prognosis [14].

Imaging and Diagnostic Markers

The diagnosis of cervical adenocarcinoma, especially early diagnosis, poses a significant challenge. Objective: To review the pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, immunohistochemical markers, and differential diagnosis of various subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative cervical adenocarcinomas [10].

Imaging and diagnostic markers such as cyclin E, p16INK4a, and Ki-67 can be used to differentiate between HPV-related and HPV-unrelated adenocarcinoma. However, it's essential to note that these markers may not always accurately distinguish between the two types [11].

Conclusion

In conclusion, the differential diagnosis of obsolete HPV-related adenocarcinoma requires a thorough understanding of the various subtypes and their characteristics. It's essential to consider the rare tumor types, imaging, and diagnostic markers when making a diagnosis.

References:

[1] Context.— While the vast majority of cervical tumors consist of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, a subset of rare tumor types, frequently unrelated to HPV, does occur in this location. These tumors vary widely in prognostic and therapeutic implications, and accurate recognition is crucial to providing appropriate treatment.

[10] The diagnosis of cervical adenocarcinoma, especially early diagnosis, poses a significant challenge. Objective: To review the pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, immunohistochemical markers, and differential diagnosis of various subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative cervical adenocarcinomas.

[11] Cyclin E, p16INK4a, and Ki-67 can be used to differentiate between HPV-related and HPV-unrelated adenocarcinoma. However, it's essential to note that these markers may not always accurately distinguish between the two types.

[13] Endocervical adenocarcinomas can be classified into two main types of tumors, namely, those related to high-risk human papillomavirus and those unrelated to high-risk human papillomavirus. The former, representing the vast majority, are referred to as endocervical adenocarcinomas of usual type.

[14] A subset of rare tumor types, frequently unrelated to HPV, does occur in this location. These include adenoid basal carcinoma, ectopic prostate tissue, and frankly malignant lesions with a less favorable prognosis.

[15] The etiology of squamous cell carcinoma is firmly linked to infection with high–oncogenic risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Human papillomavirus DNA is detected in virtually 100% of cervical squamous cell carcinoma; however, studies of adenocarcinoma showed a considerably lower prevalence of HPV, from approximately 62% to 100%, depending on the geographic region and tumor subtype.