ICD-10: B74.2

Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by filarial worms, and it is classified under the ICD-10-CM code B74.2, specifically indicating filariasis due to Brugia timori. This particular species of filarial worm is primarily associated with lymphatic filariasis, which can lead to significant morbidity.

Clinical Description of Filariasis due to Brugia timori

Etiology

Brugia timori is one of the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis, predominantly found in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes and Anopheles species, which serve as vectors for the larvae of the parasite[1][2].

Pathophysiology

Once inside the human host, the larvae migrate to the lymphatic system, where they mature into adult worms. The adult worms can live for several years, leading to chronic infection. The presence of these worms in the lymphatic vessels can cause inflammation, obstruction, and damage to the lymphatic system, resulting in various clinical manifestations[3].

Clinical Manifestations

The clinical presentation of filariasis due to Brugia timori can vary widely among individuals. Common symptoms include:

• Lymphadenopathy: Swelling of lymph nodes, particularly in the groin and armpits.
• Lymphedema: Accumulation of lymphatic fluid leading to swelling, often in the legs or genitals, which can become severe and debilitating.
• Hydrocele: Accumulation of fluid in the scrotum, which is particularly common in males.
• Fever and Inflammation: Acute episodes of fever and inflammation may occur, often referred to as acute filarial lymphangitis[4].

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of filariasis due to Brugia timori typically involves:

• Clinical Evaluation: Assessment of symptoms and physical examination.
• Serological Tests: Detection of antibodies or antigens related to the filarial infection.
• Microscopic Examination: Identification of microfilariae in blood samples, usually collected at night when the larvae are more likely to be present in the bloodstream[5].

Treatment

The treatment for filariasis primarily involves the use of antiparasitic medications. The World Health Organization recommends the use of:

• Diethylcarbamazine (DEC): This drug is effective against adult worms and microfilariae.
• Ivermectin: Often used in combination with DEC for enhanced efficacy.
• Albendazole: Sometimes included in treatment regimens to target other parasitic infections[6].

Prevention

Preventive measures focus on controlling mosquito populations and minimizing exposure to bites. This includes the use of insect repellent, bed nets, and community health initiatives aimed at reducing transmission rates.

Conclusion

Filariasis due to Brugia timori is a significant public health concern in endemic regions, leading to chronic health issues and impacting the quality of life for affected individuals. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing the disease and preventing complications. Continued efforts in vector control and public health education are essential to reduce the incidence of this parasitic infection.

For further information or specific case management, healthcare providers should refer to the latest clinical guidelines and local health authorities.

Filariasis due to Brugia timori is a parasitic infection that primarily affects the lymphatic system and is classified under the ICD-10 code B74.2. This condition is particularly prevalent in certain regions of Southeast Asia, including Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Understanding the clinical presentation, signs, symptoms, and patient characteristics associated with this infection is crucial for effective diagnosis and management.

Clinical Presentation

Overview of Filariasis

Filariasis is caused by parasitic worms transmitted through mosquito bites. Brugia timori is one of the species responsible for lymphatic filariasis, which can lead to significant morbidity due to its effects on the lymphatic system. The clinical presentation can vary widely among individuals, often depending on the stage of the disease and the immune response of the host.

Acute Phase

In the acute phase, patients may experience:
- Fever: Often accompanied by chills and malaise.
- Lymphangitis: Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, which may present as red streaks on the skin.
- Lymphadenopathy: Swelling of the lymph nodes, particularly in the groin and axillary regions.
- Pain and swelling: Localized pain and swelling in the affected areas, which may be tender to touch.

Chronic Phase

If left untreated, the infection can progress to a chronic phase characterized by:
- Lymphatic obstruction: Leading to lymphedema, particularly in the legs, arms, and genital regions.
- Elephantiasis: Severe swelling and thickening of the skin, often resulting in disfigurement.
- Hydrocele: Accumulation of fluid in the scrotum, which is common in males.
- Skin changes: Thickening and discoloration of the skin in affected areas.

Signs and Symptoms

Common Symptoms

• Swelling: Noticeable swelling in the limbs or genital area.
• Pain: Discomfort or pain in swollen areas.
• Fever and chills: Often occurring during acute episodes.
• Skin changes: Redness, warmth, and potential ulceration in chronic cases.

Specific Signs

• Lymphadenopathy: Enlarged lymph nodes, particularly in the groin and armpits.
• Filarial dance sign: A clinical sign observed in some patients, where the movement of the filarial worms can be felt in the lymphatic vessels.
• Hydrocele: Visible swelling in the scrotum in affected males.

Patient Characteristics

Demographics

• Geographic Distribution: More common in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia.
• Age: Can affect individuals of any age, but chronic manifestations are more common in adults due to prolonged exposure to the parasite.
• Gender: Males may be more frequently affected by hydrocele and other genital manifestations.

Risk Factors

• Living in endemic areas: Individuals residing in or traveling to regions where Brugia timori is prevalent are at higher risk.
• Mosquito exposure: Increased exposure to mosquito bites, particularly during the rainy season when mosquito populations are higher.
• Socioeconomic factors: Poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare can exacerbate the risk and severity of the disease.

Conclusion

Filariasis due to Brugia timori presents a range of clinical manifestations, from acute febrile episodes to chronic complications such as lymphedema and elephantiasis. Recognizing the signs and symptoms associated with this infection is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment. Public health measures aimed at controlling mosquito populations and improving sanitation in endemic areas are crucial for reducing the incidence of this neglected tropical disease. Early intervention can significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life for those affected.

Filariasis due to Brugia timori, classified under ICD-10 code B74.2, is a specific type of filariasis caused by the parasitic roundworm Brugia timori. This condition is primarily associated with lymphatic filariasis, which can lead to significant morbidity, including lymphedema and elephantiasis. Below are alternative names and related terms associated with this condition.

Alternative Names

1. Timorian Elephantiasis: This term is often used interchangeably with Brugia timori infection, particularly in the context of the severe manifestations of the disease, such as swelling and thickening of the skin in the affected areas[10].

2. Brugia Timori Infection: This name directly references the causative agent of the disease, emphasizing the specific type of filarial infection.

3. Lymphatic Filariasis: While this term encompasses a broader category of diseases caused by various filarial worms, it is relevant as Brugia timori is one of the pathogens responsible for lymphatic filariasis, particularly in certain geographic regions[3].

4. Filariasis: A general term that refers to infections caused by filarial worms, including those caused by Brugia species and Wuchereria bancrofti, which is more common in other regions[1].

Related Terms

1. Filarial Lymphangitis: This term describes the inflammation of lymphatic vessels due to filarial infection, which can occur in cases of Brugia timori[3].

2. Elephantiasis: A condition characterized by severe swelling, often associated with chronic filarial infections, including those caused by Brugia timori. It is a common term used to describe the advanced stages of lymphatic filariasis[10].

3. Lymphedema: This term refers to the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in tissues, which can result from Brugia timori infection and lead to swelling in the limbs or genitalia[3].

4. Wuchereria bancrofti: Although this is a different species, it is often mentioned in discussions about lymphatic filariasis, as it is the most common cause of the disease globally, contrasting with Brugia timori, which is more localized to specific regions like Southeast Asia[1].

5. Filariasis Diagnosis: This term encompasses the clinical and laboratory methods used to diagnose infections caused by filarial worms, including Brugia timori[6].

Conclusion

Understanding the alternative names and related terms for ICD-10 code B74.2 is essential for healthcare professionals dealing with filariasis due to Brugia timori. These terms not only aid in accurate diagnosis and treatment but also enhance communication among medical practitioners and researchers. If you need further information on the clinical management or epidemiology of this condition, feel free to ask!

Filariasis due to Brugia timori is a parasitic infection that primarily affects the lymphatic system and is classified under the ICD-10 code B74.2. The diagnosis of this condition involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and epidemiological factors. Below is a detailed overview of the criteria used for diagnosing this specific type of filariasis.

Clinical Criteria

1. Symptoms: Patients may present with various symptoms, including:
   - Lymphedema (swelling due to lymphatic obstruction)
   - Hydrocele (fluid accumulation in the scrotum)
   - Elephantiasis (severe swelling of limbs or genitalia)
   - Fever and lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) during acute episodes.

2. Epidemiological History: A history of travel to or residence in endemic areas where Brugia timori is known to be prevalent is crucial. This includes regions in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia and Timor-Leste, where the disease is more common[1].

Laboratory Criteria

1. Microfilariae Detection: The definitive diagnosis of Brugia timori is made through the identification of microfilariae in the blood. This is typically done using:
   - Blood Smear: A thick or thin blood smear can be examined under a microscope to detect the presence of microfilariae.
   - Filtration Techniques: Blood samples can be filtered to concentrate the microfilariae, which can then be visualized.

2. Serological Tests: While not routinely used for diagnosis, serological tests can help in confirming the presence of antibodies against Brugia timori.

3. Molecular Techniques: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays may be employed to detect Brugia timori DNA in blood samples, providing a more sensitive and specific diagnosis[2].

Imaging Studies

In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound may be utilized to assess the extent of lymphatic damage or to visualize any associated complications, such as hydrocele or lymphatic obstruction.

Differential Diagnosis

It is essential to differentiate Brugia timori filariasis from other similar conditions, such as:
- Lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti.
- Other causes of lymphedema or hydrocele, which may not be related to filarial infection.

Conclusion

The diagnosis of filariasis due to Brugia timori relies on a combination of clinical symptoms, epidemiological history, and laboratory findings, particularly the detection of microfilariae in the bloodstream. Given the potential for significant morbidity associated with this disease, accurate diagnosis is critical for effective management and treatment. If you suspect filariasis, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional who can perform the necessary tests and provide appropriate care[3].

Filariasis due to Brugia timori, classified under ICD-10 code B74.2, is a parasitic infection primarily affecting the lymphatic system. This condition is prevalent in certain regions of Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia and Timor-Leste. The treatment of filariasis, including that caused by Brugia timori, typically involves a combination of pharmacological and supportive measures.

Standard Treatment Approaches

1. Antiparasitic Medications

The cornerstone of treatment for filariasis is the use of antiparasitic drugs. The following medications are commonly prescribed:

• Diethylcarbamazine (DEC): This is the primary drug used for treating lymphatic filariasis. DEC works by killing the microfilariae (the larval stage of the parasite) and reducing the adult worm burden. It is usually administered in a single dose or over a short course, depending on the severity of the infection[1][2].

• Ivermectin: While primarily used for other parasitic infections, ivermectin can be effective in combination with DEC for treating filariasis. It helps in reducing the microfilarial load and is often used in mass drug administration programs[3].

• Albendazole: This medication is sometimes used in conjunction with DEC or ivermectin to enhance the efficacy of treatment. It acts by inhibiting the metabolism of the parasites, leading to their death[4].

2. Management of Symptoms

Patients with filariasis may experience various symptoms, including lymphedema, hydrocele, and other complications. Symptomatic management is crucial:

• Lymphedema Management: Patients are advised to maintain good hygiene and skin care to prevent secondary infections. Compression bandaging and elevation of affected limbs can help reduce swelling[5].

• Surgical Interventions: In cases where lymphedema or hydrocele is severe, surgical options may be considered. Surgical procedures can help alleviate symptoms and improve the quality of life for affected individuals[6].

3. Preventive Measures

Preventive strategies are essential in endemic areas to control the spread of filariasis:

• Mass Drug Administration (MDA): In regions where filariasis is endemic, MDA programs are implemented to treat entire populations, thereby reducing the transmission of the disease. This approach typically involves administering DEC and albendazole to at-risk populations[7].

• Vector Control: Since filariasis is transmitted by mosquitoes, controlling mosquito populations through insecticide spraying, use of bed nets, and environmental management is critical in preventing new infections[8].

4. Monitoring and Follow-Up

Regular follow-up is necessary to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and manage any long-term complications. Patients should be educated about the importance of adhering to treatment regimens and attending follow-up appointments to assess their health status.

Conclusion

The treatment of filariasis due to Brugia timori involves a multifaceted approach that includes antiparasitic medications, management of symptoms, preventive measures, and ongoing monitoring. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes. Public health initiatives focusing on mass drug administration and vector control play a vital role in reducing the incidence of this neglected tropical disease.

For further information or specific case management, consulting with a healthcare professional specializing in infectious diseases is recommended.